History

Beaumont was incorporated as a town in 1838. The increase in economic growth was as a result of the booming of the forest products industry and this lead to rapid population growth. In 1889, three of the largest operating sawmills were locally owned. Despite the war between Beaumont city and the United States in 1861, it still continued to grow.

The lumber industry depended more on the white pine forest of the Northeastern but upon depletion, they resorted to the yellow pine from the South as an alternative and this led to improvements in the transportation industry. Industry growth therefore owed its growth to the availability of the rail transport.

In the 1880s, the lumber industry became an important industry in Texas because of the high returns derived from this industry to the investors and the high wages paid to the employees. It was a source of livelihood to the majority of the population. The rapid economic growth led to the migration of many people to the Beaumont city, construction of wharves and freight houses, boarding schools, hotels and restaurants, schools and churches to serve the increasing population.

The need for the Southern pine and cypress lumber products led to an increased demand for their raw products and anyone capable of logging was send to the forest. The logs were then rafted together and floated down the river to Beaumont (pp. 27). Businesses thrived through the sale of calked boots used by the loggers. A policy to regulate the logging led to registration of 94 log brands by the Jefferson County.

The growing lumber industry in Beaumont lead to the establishment of several lumber yards within the town with rail connections and trains causes a lot of traffic. Despite sawdust being utilized in the ice plants and refrigerator cars and being exported for the same, much was found everywhere in the city.

The ever increasing labor demand made people migrate to town from Texas and Southern states while the skilled came from the Northeast. Others came from New England, Michigan and Canada.

Most of the men who owned these industries were related as most of them had married from the family of Davis L. Long, a sawmill owner and a native of Georgia. (pp. 33). Because of this, they worked collaboratively and stream-boats used in log drivers and towing jobs served all the firms. They also formed trade and shipping organizations together (pp. 34).

The success of the lumber trade benefited the Beaumont city. Some of the benefits include the participation in the national and the world trade. In the late 1880s, forest products were valued more than a million dollars.
In 1884, bricks began replacing wood with the construction of a Baptist Church of Beaumont in 1887. Other developments included the establishment of ice factories and telephone lines. Railway transport was also expanded with Gulf, Beaumont, and Kansas City railways from Beaumont into timber yards in Hardin and Jasper Counties in 1894 to help carry logs (pp. 39). Forest products industries and transport related industries emerged. An example is the Beaumont Iron Works that build and repaired the sawmill machinery and railroad cars. Others are the furniture and brick factories and the shipping yards.

Iranian History has experienced transitions from last few decades. There have been various studies to understand change in different historical aspects. However, the studies on transition of court system from the Shah have been limited in previous studies. Most of the studies focused on the role of military or religious aspects of the transition. The political perspectives of the same issues has been least explored.
 This proposal provides insights on the Iranian history and transition of the court system from Shah Regime to Khomeinis regime.

Literature Review
There are plenty of literatures available on Shah and the changes he had incorporated in the judicial system of Iran. The legal reforms have been considered as experiments of Shah in order to incorporate secular changes and have fixed written laws in the judicial system. The implications of the abolishment of monarchy or decline of Shah has been considered as revolutionary moment at one point of time has been considered as a moment which led Iran to retrogressive growth and bought 2500 years back in the timeline ( Esfandiari, 2004). According to Laqueur (1979) the Islamic clergy viewed reforms initiated under the regime of Shah as the measures of abominating the positions given by Islam from more than a thousand years. The major reforms like agrarian reform, reforms concerning to the status of woman in the society and the role of religious court had direct impact on the status of clergy from the grass root levels of the society (Algar, 1981 Alam and Alikhani, 1991 Abghari, 2008). These reforms had been considered as threats by Khomeini. The White Revolution of 1963 was regarded as work of the devil and condemned by the Muslim clergy (Algar, 1981). The era of 1970s started with witnessing growing power of Shah and ironic growth and developments in Iran. The resilience handling during the regime of Shah has gone wrong where government under Shah responded by mass arrests, torture and to extreme end executions of the political prisoners. The number of political prisoners has been claimed to be nearly 20,000 whereas Shah admitted it to be only three thousand. The imposition of Shah within international media was not favourable during this period (Laqueur, 1979).
There are various reasons given to the failure of Shahs regime starting from the blame of being tool of the western power to the inability to bring his image as a Nationalist or patriotic leader. However, Shah had worked on the basic reforms that could lead the country to the progressive growth. Laqueur (1979) argues The Shahs critics decry his authoritarianism, but there is scarcely a liberal tradition in Iranian history. The economic and social freedoms enjoyed during the regime of Shah are some of the very basic aspects of life that Iranians witnessing Shahs exile and young Iranian want in their life. The things have changed to a large extent from Shahs regime to the Khomeini regime. These changes have never been an overnight changes. These started with the period of Shahs regime and continued till today.

There have been certain historical incidences in Iran that allowed the exiled Khomeini to take advantage and start his autocratic reign. There have been certain drawbacks in the regime of Shah, like any other ruler. Nevertheless Shah was involved himself in almost all activities he considered to be utmost important at that particular time. Shah has focused on the social issues, womans rights, development of a secular state where people have right to use their family name, they have right to behave according to their religion and live accordingly.

The Islamic Republic of Iran is not a democratic country and the supreme authority is vested to one person. The democratic society allows everyone to participate equally in the formation of government which is not in the case of Islamic republic.

There have been various studies that recognised the reforms and developmental work during the Shah regime (Amuzegar, 1991, Bayat, 1991, Abrahamian, 2008). The contribution of Shah has been in every sphere of economic and social life of Iranian like basic education, woman rights and empowerment, development of infrastructure, resolving the conflicts with neighbours, and judicial reforms (Lambton, 1994). As a reformist he could vision for the future of Iran, however as a politician he failed. He could not sense the rebellion activities by the exiled Khomeini. There have been studies to understand the reasons of political failures of the Shah. There have been studies to understand the changes of the pre-Islamic period and period following the Islamic clergy (Chehabi, 1990 Ghani, 2000 Cronin 2003). These studies include the legislative reforms resulting to the present court system of Iran and role of Islam in the Iranian judicial and constitutional system. The historical aspects of these reforms have been lacking (Abghari, 2008, Cambridge University Press, Daniel, 2000). Most of the contributions in the recent pasts have focused on the Human rights issues in Iran. The reason of the same has been continuous violations of the human rights, womans rights and children rights.
The political and constitutional power of Islamic Republic of Iran gives the supreme right to the Leader who supervises all the other state organs (Abghari, 2008). The lack of clarity of the power distribution, ambiguous role of legislative authorities and supremacy of an individual over all the judiciary branches has been touched in different literatures in different ways (Kurzam, 1995, Kinzer, 2003, Abghari, 2008)

The court system under Shah was developing to a democratic legislative system. This had been overpowered by the current supreme authority of the leader under Khomeini regime. Some authors argued that there were more than the religious and reform factors resulting to the decline of Shah. Amuzegar (1991) argued that Irans increasing political power and ability of Shah to influence the prices of oil were not with the interest of Western countries. Influenced by the Shahs own account of the revolution, an uncommonly large segment of Iranian exile communities insist that one or more foreign countries including the United States, Great Britain,

The Soviet Union, France and Israel were involved in managing the Shahs ouster. This conviction in the complicity of foreign powers is so strong and entrenched that any alleged motive no matter how farfetched and any circumstantial evidence no matter how flimsy is readily accepted as fact. (Amuzegar, 199179)
The legislative reforms are the initial signs of change in the judiciary and social system. The legislative reforms lead to institutional changes that are one of the cost centres for any country. The impact of reforms is long term. These reforms are considered successful if it leads to an equilibrium that definitely lacks in the present (Sicker, 2000). In Iran military power is being used for suppressing the political unrest. The political stability has not been achieved (Kazemi, 1980 Lambton, 1991, Mafinezam and Megrabi, 2008). The implications on the various aspects of social and economic development are evident.
 
Research Aims and Objectives
This study focuses on comparative analysis of the court under Shahs regime and developing and understanding of the changes in the court system under the Shahs regime to Khomeinis regime.

Objectives
The first objective of this study is to understand the Court and its functioning under Shahs regime. The second objective is to explore the interrelationship of the developmental reforms, court system and perceptions of the people at the high levels of the Shahs court. The next objective would be to study the present court system on three perspectives of history, economic and social changes and development. The comparative analysis of the court systems will be the fourth objective. The fifth objective of the study is to determine the factors of the history that supported the growth and development of the present court system. The sixth objective will be to estimate the factors of the present court system that can be the part of history of Iran for the future. The next objective is to differentiate the decision making process, involvement of the court and members of the judiciary system in the decision making process in these two regimes. The last objective will be to determine the common factors of these two regimes before, during and after the revolutionary change that took place during 1970s.

Research Methodology
The research will be based on primary research and critical discourse analysis. The primary research will be based on questionnaire led interviews. The critical discourse analysis will be analysis of content of the major newspaper and other publications.

Critical Discourse analysis
This analysis allows understanding the conversation or talk with respect to the structure of the social and political context of a given scenario. This analysis allows understanding the power relations in the historical context (Wodak and Meyer, 2001).

The critical discourse analysis will be conducted on two types of secondary sources available
Harvard Iranian Oral History material

Presentation of the Court system on Iran from 1947-till date in the leading Iranian and international publications and media.

Primary Research
This will be conducted in the form of qualitative research based on the set of questions on the Court System during Shah regime and Khomeinis Regime. The response will be collected from the former members of the Court of Shah (if available and with permission), historians, academicians and political figures. This qualitative research will be analysed further in order to develop a qualitative analysis for the perception about the courts in two regimes.

Appropriateness of the Research Methods
The research methods are appropriate with respect to research goal and objectives. The discourse analysis will help in understanding the transition of one court system to other and compare different political aspects of the process. The primary research will allow sharing the thoughts and perceptions regarding the two court systems this will lead us to answer the research questions.

Reflection
The Shah regime and its decline has been one of the most important aspects of history of Iran. The findings of this study will allow understanding the differences of court system. There have been limited studies conducted for the Shahs court and cabinet system. In such scenario, this study this study will be a small but significant.

Marijuana smoking as a common practice with Rastafarians has been historically associated with many health controversies. It is evidently clear from historical information that marijuana has been used for medicinal purposes by herbalists. It is scientifically clear from research findings that marijuana can be used in the treatment of some human illnesses. The weed has in particular been found to potentially reduce nausea in victims of cancer who are undergoing chemotherapy
( HYPERLINK httpwww.uvm.edudebatedreadlibrarygrant02.htm httpwww.uvm.edudebatedreadlibrarygrant02.htm). 
Marijuana is also greatly used Rastafarians for dietary reasons. It is seen as having the potential to improve ones appetite for food consumption. This claim has been proved true by researchers who have recommended for the use of marijuana as a medical remedy to persons with poor appetite. It has in particular been established that prescribing marijuana to victims of AIDS can greatly enhance appetite for food.
It is however to be realized that the use of marijuana mainly carries a religious meaning. Many Rastafarians believe that marijuana is a source of wisdom, the herb that enhances their understanding of their real spiritual selves, reality of their creation and appreciation of God (Jah). Still to be noted is the fact that due to the belief that marijuana is a source of wisdom, it commonly used in Rastafarians gatherings requiring high degrees of human reasoning and judgment power
( HYPERLINK httpwww.uvm.edudebatedreadlibrarygrant02.htm httpwww.uvm.edudebatedreadlibrarygrant02.htm).
Excessive use of marijuana has been attributed with a number of health complications such as increase risk of getting lung cancer and other respiratory inflammatory diseases. It has also been established that excessive use of marijuana can highly compromise the human brain with effects similar to those of cocaine and hero use. Such will greatly compromise ones position and respect in the society. 

One of the recurring themes in our course lectures is the Western societys tendency to institutionalize according to male and female gender constructs. Males are often seen as the superior gender and are often associated to concepts of bravery, valor, devotion, and pride. Noticeably, these are all elements of war. The superiority of the masculine is the product of an age-old belief that males are physically stronger, more adept in battles. On the other hand, females are seen as the weaker gender, who wont survive in battle because they would easily be overpowered by the males. This is one reason why it still is strange to see women in uniform nowadays. Consequently, those males who prefer not to fight and duck out of war are seen as weak, cowardly, and women-like. Using two famous literary works, Mark Twains The War Prayer and Homers Iliad, this paper demonstrates the malefemale dichotomy existing in the Western society, and determines the factors and elements affecting this dichotomy.

    Mark Twains The War Prayer talks about the benefits and consequences of the war to the people who support it. It opens up with the idea that war is brought about by and is an act of bravery. Those who involve themselves in was shows a great act of heroism that everyone can be proud of. It asserts that idea that whatever the outcome is, war would always be a noble act. Dying in war is an unmatchable act of nobility. At this point of the story, it is clear that war is shown in a positive light, and that a persons involvement with it is something that their parents, relatives, and even neighbors can be proud of.

However, it is later revealed in the story that fighting and going for war is limited only to a specific gender, the males. The nobility and honor that war promises can only be achieved by the males, because theyre the ones who are capable of doing so. At this point, we know that war is exclusively for the males, and it is limited to them because theyre the only able-bodied ones that can bring about victory. With this, we can say that nobility and honor brought about by war is equal to a persons strength, so in this aspect, only the males can join the war.

This is justified in the story when it tells about parents who are envied by their neighbors and friends who had no sons and brothers to send forth to the field of honor. This means that a person without any son or brother should be disappointed because they have no one to send to war and bring honor to them. It didnt mention anything about sending a daughter or a sister to war because it is a male-only affair. This is proof that women are viewed as inferior, and even until now, it is rare to see a woman in uniform. In the Western society, fighting wars, fighting crime, or even just fighting, is limited only for men.

Wars are indeed associated to the masculinity in the Western world, and as a result, patriotism is then measured using the qualities associated to the masculine. These qualities include bravery, heroism, valor, and ultimately, violence.

Wars in the West are always characterized by violence, that it often overshadows the real purpose of the war. War is easily initiated even at the slightest aggravation and the simplest of reason because the society permits it so. We would again go back to the male and female dichotomy in this aspect. Females are often depicted to choose a path of non-violence because they are portrayed as weak. On the other hand, males would often resort to fighting because they would always equate such aggravations and misunderstandings to their manhood and their dignity. Since the society glorifies those who stands up for their dignity even at the cost of countless lives, men are permitted to proliferate violence in the guise of war. Others would consider this as an opportunity to showcase their bravery and earn for them the honor in fighting the war.
There were also those who opposed the war, but they often fell silent because the war advocates they are against with represent a far greater part of the society that they belong to. In the story, it was stated that the half dozen rash spirits that ventured to disapprove of the war and cast a doubt upon its righteousness straightaway got such a stern and angry warning that for their personal safetys sake they quickly shrank out of sight and offended no more in that way. Again, these people are belittled and perhaps called with different names, all pertaining to weakness and cowardice. They were surely likened to women, just the mere fact that they dont like wars.

Nearing the end of the story, people were shown the grim side of the war. A man claiming to be Gods messenger told them that every time they prayed for victory, they were also praying for the demise of their enemies. Every healthy, living troop on their side corresponds to a gruesomely disfigured body of a soldier on the other side. This is supposedly their moment of enlightenment, a realization that war is not something to be glorified instead it should be condemned, or at the very least avoided. However, it seemed that the masculine side of the society prevailed, and in the end, the people ignored everything that they were told and continued with their war-loving ways. The messenger on the other hand, was dismissed as a lunatic.

The other literary work that exemplifies the malefemale dichotomy is Homers Iliad. The Iliad is a Greek epic poem that describes in detail the great Trojan War. This is a detailed account of the main characters involved in the epic battle. Focus was given to their individual exploits, as well as their battles, vividly describing who gets killed by whom, and how. This epic poem clearly glorifies war, and it sends a message to the readers about dying in battle means preserving ones dignity. Once again, it is the males who are considered the superior gender, which is why theyre the ones fighting the war. This poem also commodifies women, which is a common aspect of the Western society in the past, and even at present.

In this story, females were given minor roles and supporting roles. The ones who play the major part and are perhaps the focus of the whole story are the male protagonists who are deeply involved in the Trojan war, Other than the goddesses, females never took any part in this war because they were considered as the weaker, feminine gender. They lack the brute strength and the will power to fight which are all possessed by the males. These females are encumberments in this war, considering the fact that the reason for this war is a woman. Helen is the main cause of the rift between the Trojans and the Achaeans. She was commodified and was seen as property that has to be retrieved by the Achaeans from the thieving Trojans. This was also the case for Briseis, a female prisoner kept as a property of Achilles. She was part of the spoils that Achilles received for participating in the war.

Another weak female role was that of Hectors wife, Andromache. She kept on urging her husband to stop fighting, but her pleas fell on deaf ears. The dignified decision is to fight even at the risk of death because thats what you expect of a man. And we can expect nothing less from Hector even though he knew that it will cost him his life, he continued to fight in the war.

Women never seem to understand the logic behind the wars. Andromache knew that Hector wouldnt stop fighting but she still kept urging him to stop. This just shows the Western portrayal of weak-hearted women. When faced with an adversity, they would always choose the life-preserving path even though it would mean living a life of shame. Men on the other hand, are all too eager to risk their lives just to preserve their dignity. Several characters in this story chose to die in battle rather than live in shame. These include Achilles companion Patroclus, and the Trojan hero Hector.

On the other hand, this story shows that cowardice is an act of weakness, and that it is a negative trait especially for males. This was shown by Paris, the one who took Helen from her Achaean husband. His loss in a duel and his eventual escape from death was seen as antagonistic in this story, since he is also equally responsible for the war. In this story, those who chose to maintain their dignity and died fighting were much better than those who cowardly scampered away from battle. Glory and honor will only be given to those who fight, even to those who died fighting.

The two literary works show that historically, males have stronger roles than the females. Gender superiority was mainly based on physical strength and the ability to fight, which unfortunately doesnt characterize the female gender. These stories show that wars were generally associated to masculine characteristics like bravery, valor, and pride, which is why women were never depicted to be involved in wars. The War Prayer mocks this association, clearly showing the grim side of war and replacing bravery with savagery. On the other hand, Iliad glorifies this association, giving emphasis on the beauty of war and the honor and dignity of the combatants. These literary works are able to show the malefemale dichotomy the males are the superior, stronger gender, the females, weaker and inferior. Honor and dignity is given more regard than preservation of life, and emphasis was also given to dying with honor and dignity is rather than living a life of shame and weakness.

Use of models in information system development efforts is not a new phenomenon rather it is an aspect that is tightly integrated within information system development.  The capability maturity model is an example of a model that is commonly used in information systems development efforts to ensure that resources are guided towards attainments of well defined goals.  Moreover, in recent times there has been an increase in efforts aimed at certification as an approach to ensuring that organizational internal processes are improved.  Developing holistic programs aimed at improving quality and driving at organizational goals are commonly adapted to improving organizational ability to deliver its operational goals.  This paper will look at how the capability maturity model and certification can be used by organizations to improve the quality of their internal programs with emphasis on information system development. 
Discussion
A key aspect that differentiates the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) from other common information system models is the fact that it is based on data rather than theory.  In practical sciences models are used as abstractions of practical requirements and are therefore tools that guide mapping organizational goals into the practical systems developed.  However, the application of the capability maturity model is more than just an abstraction of IS requirements of an organization and user needs for it presents a stepwise approach that can be adopted by organization in efforts aimed at continuous improvement (Davenport 2005).  In fact most studies present the Capability Maturity Model as an approach that businesses use in ensuring that they continually develop their information systems ability so as to meet information needs (Hammer 2007).  Though the initial use of the capability maturity model was restricted to determining the efficiency of the government contractors, its use has been extended to other facets of organizational operations which is proof of its ability to ensure effective information systems development.  The use of the capability maturity model has diversified into various areas of business processes and it is now common for the model to be to be applied to risk management project management software development human resource management and information system development.  It is evident that the use of the capability maturity model is not unique to any discipline which is a factor that may have played a role in its development into one of the most commonly used model in IS development.
Quality is factor that mould organizational processes in modern operational environments.  The high awareness that businesses place on quality is a result of the high levels of competition recorded in various business segments.  Failure to effectively manage competition is an issue that affects the reputation of businesses in segments that they operate in and may ultimately impact negatively on value generation (Hammer 2007).  Organizing an entire firms operational processes in a manner attuned towards development of effective internal systems is an avenue though which businesses ensure gain of competitive advantage.  Generation of value is an organization wide endeavour which implies that the level of coordination and success attained in ensuring that every process within an organization operations are aimed at ensuring generation of sustainable value determines the success that can be attained by organizations in such endeavours.  This implies that seeking value has to involve all organizational stakeholders and must be developed in a manner that ensures that each and every process in an organization is improved. 
Quality management principles assert that effective improvements depend on the nature of the assessment systems and how well an organization can improve its internal processes.  Continuous improvements and effective assessment systems are considered critical aspects to attainment of quality goals within organizations (Fong 2008).  It is therefore apparent that coordination of processes, having a clear set of goals and inclusion of effective assessments systems are critical factors in determining the levels of efficiency that can be attained in seeking quality.  Quality involve setting the agenda of quality and ensuring that the systems that are developed to support organizational operations are geared towards attainment of quality goals.  Ensuring a stepwise approach to quality management and a holistic approach to quality are areas where the Capability Maturity Model comes in handy for it ensures that an organization continually seeks to better its internal systems and deal with issue that may be limiting their efficiency.
The Capability Maturity Model is a five stage abstraction of the requirements that businesses must meet to move their processes from a state where application development practices are inconsistent to a level where focus is on optimizing processes and effective change management.  Change between this initial and final or the optimizing phase is defined by different requirements that affect internal operations.  A critical review of information system development shows that the nature of an information system is determined by the size of an organization and the nature of needs its users (Haftl 2009).  As the user become more specialized and demanding, the nature of systems and strategies that have to be have to incorporated within an information system become complex.  This is a factor that impact on the nature of strategies that are adopted by organizations since information systems affects the levels of coordination and efficiency of communication between different levels of an organisation.  By ensuring that the information system is continually upgraded to meet the needs of users, other facets of organizational management that determine the success that can be attained in operation for instance human resource management and are improved which results in improved value generation.  The CMM ensures that business focus on attaining a state where they continually improve their process which is important in ensuring quality of information systems development efforts (Davenport 2005).  By seeking attainment of the fifth level in the CMM, companies develop an appreciation of the need for low level requirements for instance effective management and reduction of wastage.  Thus CMM provides a vision and sets a path that organizations can follow in improving their information systems.
Appreciation of low level goals and seeking goals aimed at appreciations of effective change management processes and optimization of organizational resources and processes is realizable through CMM.  This is an issue that is of critical importance considering that attainment of value goals in developing organizational processes require coordination of nearly all systems in a manner that ensures that organizational processes are directed towards value generation and quality (Davenport 2005).  Therefore CMM provides not only the direction that should be adopted in seeking to improve the quality of an information process but also highlights some of the operational requirements that organizations have to consider in ensuring that the overall goals are attained.  Emphasis placed on change management by CMM ensures that organizations avoid resistance by employees and poor change management which are key impediments to information system development (Jokela, Siponen, Hirasawa  Earthy 2006).
CMM aids a holistic approach to information systems development which helps attaining quality goals.  CMM is used for different processes within organizations.  Customer relationship management, strategic alignment of organizational goals and even risk management can be modelled using CMM (Jokela, Siponen, Hirasawa  Earthy 2006).  On the other hand, information systems development involves incorporation of all processes within an organization to ensure that their information needs are well managed.  This implies that CMM provide a platform upon which organization can ensures that other processes that are vital to quality and value generation are incorporated within information development efforts.  This is important for it ensure that the development and improvement of an information system is defined by considerations on other organizational system and could also translated to development of effective system in other areas of an organization.  It is worth noting that resistance to development efforts within an organization which hinder quality improvements are in most cases a result of strategies that have been developed with little considerations on existing systems.  Analysis of the existing systems and incorporation of their requirements in any change agenda is a critical requirement in effective change management which is made possible with the employment of a CMM platform (Jokela, Siponen, Hirasawa  Earthy 2006).  Thus the relevance of CMM to improvements of the quality of information systems development efforts arises from its role in ensuring that both technical and people requirements are well integrated in IS development strategies.
There is an urgent need for businesses to ensure that the nature of strategies that they adopt in their operations is relevant to their needs.  This is an issue of critical importance in ensuring that an information system continually meets business and people needs.  It is noteworthy that an effective information system relays flexibility which makes it easy to incorporate changes within an operational environment in the nature of the systems that are adopted.  An effective information system ensures that the goals set by an organization with respect to meeting information needs are met irrespective of the changes recorded in the operational environment (Jokela, Siponen, Hirasawa  Earthy 2006).  A review of CMM reveals that it is basically a framework that allows for businesses to set goals and provide a framework that they can use in attaining these goals.  This implies that the dynamism of the operational environment and complexities associated with ensuring objectivity in managing and developing information systems can effectively be managed with the aid of a CMM.
Certification can be used in conjunction with CMM to ensure that businesses objectively seek quality in their information system development.  It is worth noting that certification as a strategy is aimed at ensuring that businesses are guided towards effective implementation of businesses processes.  Certification ensures that organization set goals and develop measures aimed at meeting the set goals.  There are set minimal requirements that have to be met by organizations for them to be certified.  Therefore the goals in CMM are quite similar to those in certification thus use of certification in tandem with CMM may lead to systems that are effective with respect to goal setting.  The ISO9001 as an example requires businesses to set strategies that are in line with project management principles to ensure that goals in their operations are attained.  Setting direction and developing mechanisms to ensure that information systems goals are attained can be attained with the implementation of either certification or CMM.  Certification provides an organization with an external reason to develop effective IS development strategies which can easily be appreciated by all in an organization.  Certification is carried out by external bodies which place pressure on organizations to ensure that their project management efforts are carried out effectively. 
Certification aids in ensuring that each of the five stages in CMM is well addressed.  By setting the five phases as goals that have to be met within a clearly defined time frame, certification places pressure on organizations to channel resources and expertise on IS development thus quality.  However, this requires appreciation by an organization of the benefits associated with certification and CMM as strategies for developing effective information systems (Davenport 2005).  Certification and CMM just provide a direction that businesses can adopt though the success of an organization in developing its information system is actually dependent on how individual requirements are carried out.  Though certifications and CMM may ensure that businesses meet minimum requirements in developing and ensuring the quality of their information systems, organizational input into IS development vary in the levels of innovation, efficiency of management systems and communication of organizational goals which may result in different results in IS development. 
Certification requirements often affect the nature of management systems that are adopted and interaction between employees in an organization in a manner that seeks to ensure transparency and goal oriented interaction.  These considerations are critical success factors in traversing the different stages of CMM.  This implies that certification provides a platform upon which CMM can be carried out effectively.

It is evident that CMM plays a vital role in ensuring that the strategies that are adopted by businesses are relevant to value generation thus quality.  If combined with certification, CMM provides an effective platform through which organizations can ensure that they set objective goals with respect to information systems development and take the initiative to ensure that the goals are attained.  It is noteworthy that though there are various factors that have to be considered in information systems development, CMM provides a platform where technological and people issues in information system development can be managed effectively.  However, despite the effective platform for information systems development provided by certification and CMM, success is dependent on the individual strategies adopted by business in there is development agenda.

Identity is a matter of self-definition, and humans usually define themselves by what they are not rather than what they are, i.e. though the construction of the Other. Gender, which is an element of identities and consequently product of social construction as well, is created and recreated in language, social praxis and culture, including music, art, stories, games, and other symbolic productions (Lorber, 1994, p. 143). 
Language is of particular importance for the construction of gender, since identities function within the realm of language of the dominant culture. As a close analysis of English grammatical and semantic structure reveals, females are constructed as part of men, deprived  at least linguistically  of autonomous, independent existence (linkages between language and social reality will be explored below). This is evident in womens inclusion under the term men, while generic pronoun he can mean a person of any gender. Psychological studies have shown that people usually visualize men when they hear the pronoun he. Thus, women are excluded from the collective imagination. At marriage, women take up names of their husbands, and not vice versa (Richardson, 1988).
Moreover, women are categorized together with children (women and children first), the infirm (the blind, the lame, the women) and the incompetent (women, convicts, and idiots). Women are constructed as immature, childlike and powerless, while men are regarded as mature, autonomous and active. In addition, women are sexualized and objectified their primary role being sexual attractiveness in the eyes of males. Terms that describe females become pejorative in the process of their use weak men are referred to as sissies (diminutives of sisters), rookies in the army are called pussies, and a widespread way to offend a male is to call him a bastard or son of a bitch, both derived from an implicit statement about the honesty of his mother (Richardson, 1988).
Even when sex is ascribed to non-human objects, female gender is used to talk about things small (e.g. kittens), graceful (e.g. poetry), unpredictable (e.g. fate), nurturing (e.g. church or school), and controlled or owned by men (e.g. boats, cars and nations). Masculinity is associated with things forceful and uncontrolled (e.g. Satan or tiger). These categories, alongside the obvious discourse of control and power, are representative of gendering of another important concept, which is rationality. Since rationality is central to Western modernity, and females are often describes as irrational and emotional, women are regarded as unable to function meaningfully as decision-makers and even citizens. They are relegated to the private sphere, while rational males are in charge of public life. 
How much do such linguistic peculiarities actually matter Our reality is conditioned by the relationship between text, talk, social cognition, power, society and culture (Van Dijk, 1993, p. 253). Critical discourse analysts such as Fairclough (2001) suggest analyzing discourse as a) a text b) a discursive practice c) a sociocultural practice. Hay and Rosamond (2002) regard discourse as being of paramount importance for our understanding of social and economic phenomena, since it is the ideas that actors hold about the context in which they find themselves rather than the context itself which informs the way in which actors behave (p. 148).
This is echoed by Storper (1997) who argues that interpretations and constructed image of reality are now just as important as any real material reality, because these interpretations and imagesbecome the bases on which people act (p. 29). Individuals and actions are made real and meaningful through discourse (Phillips and Hardy, 2002). Discourse delimits the conceptions of the possible among actors it defines acceptable ways of both saying and doing things. Actions are constrained by the ideational context, a repertoire of discursive resources in the form of available narratives and understandings at their disposal (Hay and Rosamond, 2002, p. 151).
Let us examine, for instance, the interplay of discourses and material conditions of employment of males and females. It has been noted that persons in high-status occupations  doctors, lawyers, engineers, judges, presidents  are usually referred to using the pronoun he, while those with lower status  nurses, secretaries, elementary school teachers  are described with the pronoun she. As a consequence, even if the relationship is indirect, women are underrepresented in senior management and politics. In organizations, gender discrimination can be manifested in a variety of forms, some of them subtle and latent
Evidence of the glass ceiling a set of factors and attitudes which prevents women from advancing to higher ranks has been described as invisible, covert and overt. At the root of the glass ceiling are gender-based barriers, commonly cited in the literature and noted anecdotally. These barriers run the gamut from gender stereotypes to preferred leadership styles to tokenism in the high managerial ranks (Lockwood, 2004, Signs of the Glass Ceiling in the Workplace, para. 1). 
Indeed, the regimes of inclusion and exclusion are frequently subtle and dynamic, based on discourse rather than formal requirements (Allan, 1999). Inequality exists in all societies, and as part of a stratification system that ranks these statuses unequally, gender is a major building block in the social structures built on these unequal statuses  gender ranks men above women of the same race and class (Lorber, 1994, p. 143). The major problem with inequality is that it often goes unnoticed white is not ordinarily thought of as a race, middle class as a class, or men as a gender
The characteristics of these categories define the Other as that which lacks the valuable qualities the dominants exhibit (Lorber, 1994, p. 143).
This is perhaps the best explanation of the dichotomy of male vs. female being constructed as essential vs. inessential. If a change is possible, it should perhaps start with language. Nowadays, when women have entered business and academia, they are gradually changing male-dominated upper-class vernacular into a more inclusive system of knowledge and communication, since epistemology and language as elements of oppressive hierarchical systems.
For example, prescriptive he is being replaced with plural they and he or she. A policeman is now a police officer, a postman is a mail carrier and a stewardess is a flight attendant. More and more women demand to be called Ms. rather than Mrs. or Miss as a sign of striving for equality with men, for whom the title Ms. does not immediately refer marital status (Richardson, 1988). 
In such a way, women try to get an existence of their own  at least in the realm of language  instead of being defined in relation to men. However, it will take decades if not centuries before linguistic changes cause massive reconfiguration in the social praxis. Yet present efforts should not be dismissed at trivia in the 21st century, women will struggle to achieve de facto equality with men and fight for the right to define and redefine themselves and people of the opposite gender.

Islam being the dominant religion within the Middle East throughout the history of time, it has continued to influence the international relations framework within the region. Though this is the case, it should not be assumed that it is the sole factor as the international relations within the Middle East is concerned. To this end, I do not agree with the author of this work Mandaville. This is due to the fact that he has focused on the issue of Islam and its impact on the international relations structure in this region. Dating back to the period of Islamic revival during the 1970s and in particular the 1979 Iranian revolution, Islams influence on the international relations within this region, Mandaville holds the view that it has it dates back to the period of the establishment of the present-day international system as well as the creation of nations within this zone. Hence, during the early 20th century, Islam emerged to play a pivotal role in the political order debates during the postcolonial period in the Middle East nations. Coexisting in clear tension as nations moved towards Arab nationalism soon after World War II, Islamism came to the fore as a critique of those nations which were secular within the Middle East.
    Founded on the ideals of a true Islamic state, the other nations for example Saudi Arabia opted to use geopolitical dominance as well as their position in the global market within the region to assert their position among the other Muslim nations. Others on the other hand, sought to use both the symbols and language of Islam as a benchmark for their respective foreign policies. As noted by Mandaville, here Islam is used as a complement for the wider the nationalist discourse. Although the regions Organization of the Islamic Conference, (OIC) has for a long time attempted to represent these Muslim countries in the multilateral diplomacy, the interests of individual nations has continued to take center stage at the expense of the common Islamic vision. During the emergence of Islamic revolution of the 1979, the author notes Iran emerged to be a chief competitor to Saudi Arabia in an apparent move to criticize its close ties with America. In the latter stages of the cold war, America and its allies within this region regarded Islam to be a useful tool in combating communism especially as the Soviet Union sought to invade Afghanistan. At the same time, Iran decided to develop cross-boarder associations with the Shii groups within the other parts of Middle East, hence had a significant impact on the overall transnational structure, for instance the Lebanon Civil war. During the onset of the cold war, several networks or associations have been presented with globalization and have thus been able to get new audiences as well as reform their political objectives. This has also given rise to other new players and voices seeking to present the relationship between globalization, Islam as well as the international relations framework for this new generation.
    As noted by the author, the interaction between the political communities in this region has been in the Islamic tradition since its inception during 7th century. Apart from the Sunna and Quran which provide literature evidence through their reference to key concepts of international relations in relation to power, nations, political authority and treaty making (Quran 8.72) there are several Muslim political leaders as is captured in the in the Islamic history. These were actively involved in trade negotiations, diplomacy in addition to warfare with the neighboring polities. In a nut shell, as early the 11th century, centralized system of political administration in the Islamic world had become non-existent and was thus replaced by distinct regional empires. This went on through the history up to the 17th century which in turn resulted to a major paradigm shift in the larger Europes relationship structure with the Middle East. Of importance to note is the fact that Islam has no demarcation between politics and religion contrary to Christianity as is captured in the Quran.
    Indeed c loser look at the Islamic history presents evidence that almost all     their leaders operated under religious authority together with the associated political power. Furthermore, Islam has extensively debated the sovereignty while the other conservative groups are of the idea that this concept should not be used since it belongs to God. A deeper analysis of its records, points to the fact that sovereignty is a concept which is well established in the Islamic traditions. According to the author, the Islamic world is composed of two realms the domain of war and Islam respectively. The latter has the connotation of those lands under the control of Islamic laws with the former referring to the lands that are not under Islamic rule and hence seen as to be in potential conflict. Hence, one can not afford to overlook the idea of jihad when talking about the above domains of Islam. However, despite the misconceptions of this term, there is the general consensus that it is entrenched into Islamism and thus impacts on the international relations framework of Middle     East. According to the author, the Ottoman Empire, a pre-eminent within the modern Muslim polities was integrated in the international system participating in an intricate system of alliances with the European powers. By the late 19th Century, Islam had risen to be the focal point in the anti-colonial agitation within the Middle East alongside other parts.
    The Pan-Islam movement of 1838-97 citied European imperialism a common experience among the Muslim community right from Africa all the way to the South-East Asia. The breaking of the Ottoman Empire culminated into the creation of a couple of new nations within the Middle East such as Syria, Iraq and Jordan among others. However, this did not mark the end of Islam and instead sparked heated debates among the various schools of thought. This resulted to the unprecedented expansion within the international system as several colonies under the European rule became independent nations after the world wars period. In particular, Egypts liberation from the British rule under the tutelage of Nasser helped to strengthen the concept of Arab nationalism within Middle East.
    Arab nationalism from the standpoint of an ideology placed much emphasis on the cultural as well as historical affinity of the Arab Speaking individuals. Just as the former, Saudi Arabia is also the other nation that presented a platform for the cross-linkage between politics, international relations and Islam as argued by the author. On the other hand, the contemporary Islamic revival within this region can be traced back to 1967 during the Six Day War. At the time, the failure of the national-secular model was brought to the fore through the poor performance by Arab militaries at the expense of Israels success their quest to capture Jerusalem. Although the symbolic power of such periods can not be overlooked, it is imperative to focus on the Islamic symbol and language in relation to the political economies of Middle East. Globalization and its impact on the nations within the region is the other vital aspect worth noting and its link to political Islam from as early as 1970s.
    At this time, Anwar Sadat, having taken over from Nasser shifted Egypts geopolitical orientation to the West. In particular, this was made possible through the open door policies which encouraged for direct foreign investments in the nation as well as integrate it into the emerging framework of within the global economy. Against this backdrop, Sadats successor, Mubarak further pushed Egypt into the global arena, a move which saw the country join the IMF. Economic globalization also resulted to the establishment of several charitable organizations within this nation by the Islamists who took advantage of the power vacuum created by the apparent scaling back by Mubaraks administration. Hence, the Brotherhood movement came into existence through such organizations which they used to colonize the civil space. Through their dominion, they also managed to assert their control in the professional fraternity within the country.
    Operating in antagonism with the general global-domestic framework was Islams key role in relation to the cold-war geopolitics. Against the backdrop of an unprecedented oil shock during the early 1970s, Saudi Arabia embarked on a mission of consolidating its position within the Middle East. This was done through its involvement in a range of activities for example, building of mosques alongside religious education across the globe. This idea of petro-Islam  later emerged to be a dominant force within the Middle East and other parts of the world as it joined hands with other conservative but like minded groups in nations such as Pakistan. This move was welcome by the United States since it viewed Saudi Arabias religious outreach as the ideal tool for checking the rapid growth of communism. Hence, the Saudi royal family later became powerful within the Middle East in terms of both economic and political power. In 1979, there was another significant form of Islamic Revolution in Iran as Ayatollah Khomeini managed to mobilize popular support against Shah Reza Pahlavi on grounds that the latter was promoting the ideals the west since he was a close ally of America. Khomeini thus brought together elites who were against the status quo which in turn led to the toppling of the Royal family and thereby creating the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, this can not be translated to imply notable changes in the international relations structure of the region as claimed by the author. Instead, it represents an internal struggle for autonomy.
    Most notably, this Islamic revolution brought with repercussions on the international arena. In particular, it symbolized the removal of a secular regime by the Islamic forces within the region perceived to be operating under the ideals of the Western community. During this time when the Saudi Arabias leaders were very vulnerable to the wide spread accusations of their associations with the West, this revolution allowed Iran to catapult itself as a direct competitor of the Saudi royal family. By so doing, it forged an alliance with leaders from Pakistan for a stake in Muslim leadership within the region. This aspect later surfaced into the earlier periods of 21st Century which has continued to be complicated owing to the fact that this region is largely occupied by the Muslim community. Though it might be impossible to discern the true relationship between Islam and international relations, it is however possible to capture the manner in which it affects political relationship of the Middle East and the rest of the World. Through the analysis of its norms and ideals, it is possible to highlight struggling leaders. In this light, one can not overlook the vital role played by the Organization of the Islamic Conference, (OIC) which for a long time has attempted to reconcile the interests of its powerful member states such as Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey among others. The OIC has emerged to be a powerful and united when presenting the broader Islamic issues which have been agreed upon by the members as opposed to when it does present cases from individual countries of the block.
    The recent past has seen a considerable increase in both the range and extent of Muslim transnationalism within the Middle East region. This is especially shown through the growing prominence of the non-governmental actors. To this end, conventional Islamists have been able to see globalization as a perfect opportunity to foster their political influence internationally. As a result, this new Islamist generation has been able to exploit this opportunity and come up with responsive democratic structures founded on the premise of upholding accountability and transparency. Hence, this group has emerged to be pragmatic modern generation which is purely focused on democratic process and are thus seen to more interested in the realization of results other than strictly following the ideological line. Through the formation of political agendas, platforms, as well as priorities of the various parties within this region point towards the need for this group to accommodate itself. From the above discussion as put forward by the author, it is justifiable to note that he does not exhaust the concept of international relations within Middle East but rather chose to focus on Islam without however providing the clear link between the religion and international relations as indicated in his thesis. Hence, religion can not be used as tool for fostering nationalism in relation to international relations in Middle East region.
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Moe W. Smith is one of most famous prohibition agents of his time. He was born in 1887 in New York to Austrian parents, and married Sadie Strauch, a native of Bohemia.  He had one daughter, Estelle, who was born in 1925. Moe Smiths most important contribution is that he was half of the most famous and perhaps the best duo of prohibition duo, Izzy and Moe. Together with his partner, Isidor Izzy Einstein, they were able to bring down more than 4,000 criminals of their time, ranging from bootleggers, illegal bartenders and speakeasy owners. They were able to do so with the use of various disguises, making them the funniest and perhaps the most effective team of prohibition agents.

Agent of the Bureau of Prohibition

    Moe Smith became famous because of his outstanding work as a prohibition agent, along with his partner Izzy Einstein. Prohibition agents belong to the Bureau of Prohibition, a federal law enforcement agency which is tasked to enforce the National Prohibition Act of 1919. They monitored the prohibition of the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages in the country at that time. Upon its creation, the Bureau of prohibition was merely a part of the Bureau of Internal revenue, but after a few years, it became independent under the Department of the Treasury. Moe Smith and his partner Izzy Einstein had the best arrest record in the history of the agency, and have worked among great names of investigators like Frank Hamer, Tom Threepersons, Pat Roche, and a lot more.

    Prohibition agents at that time were given high regard as law enforcement authorities. They were the ones who made sure that illegal sale of alcoholic beverages and underground operations of speakeasies are shut down and taken care of. Moe Smith and Izzy Einstein were names that brought fear to these wrongdoers.
    Moe Smith started out as a cigar store owner before the Prohibition Act. On the other hand, his partner was a postal clerk in their area. They chose to trade their seemingly normal life to a life of risk and thrill as prohibition agents. Smith and his partner worked from 1920 to 1925. The way they did their job somehow became the gold standard for any kind of law enforcement in the country. Their deeds never go unnoticed, as they attracted the attention of newspapers and other law enforcement officials. Their works were highly publicized because of their unique approach in making their busts and arrests. Moe and Izzy were fond of disguises, donning costumes of cleaning men, fishermen, and even opera singers in order to take down illegal operators and criminals.

Moe and Izzy at work

    Moe Smith and his partner may be making names by doing the right thing and effectively reducing the crime, but they were not able to please everyone. Of course they were feared and hated by the wrong-doers, especially with their disguises and acts. Most of these bootleggers and speakeasy operators are caught unaware, since they wouldnt know that Moe and Izzy were on to them until theyre arrested. Also, other law enforcement officers and their officials didnt like them because they felt they were making a mockery of the agencies and keeping the bribe money out of their pockets. With Moe Smith and his partner doing the right thing, other officers were not able to make the most out of these wrong-doers. Some speakeasy operators in the city were under the protection of other law enforcement officers, but Moe and Izzy never really cared about this. They would just continue to do their job even if theres a conflict of interest with other officials. This is what set them apart for other authorities.

    Most bootleggers and speakeasy operators were able to do business because other officers could be bribed to look the other way. Moe and Izzy were different. They were firm with their resolve, and they will do their duty no matter what.

    What really set them apart for other law enforcement officers and prohibition agents were their creative and one of a kind exploits. By dressing up as a couple or as ranchers, they would be able to enter a bar without drawing any suspicion. They would then be able to order a drink, then just pour it into a funnel in there pocket as evidence, and then tell the bartender that it was a very unfortunate day because they are busting the place. Some of their famous acts include Moe jumping into freezing water so that Izzy could rush him into a speakeasy and ask for a drink for the freezing man, and then bust the bar. They partners also dressed as muddy football players in order to arrest an ice cream vendor who is also selling alcohol in his cart.

    Of the two, Moe oftentimes took the role of straight man, but still he was a very effective agent. His partner Izzy, the chameleon of the duo because of a wide range of disguises, was the front man in all their busts. Both of them were great actors, both seemed to be past their primes, but their accomplishments would disagree. These two made life so miserable for prohibition-law violators, that waiters, bartenders, and speakeasy proprietors feared to sell liquor to anyone if a rumor circulated that they were in the area. The only way to avoid getting arrested by the duo would be to completely shut down the illegal operations as long as they were around. In their 5-year stint as prohibition agents, the statistics would surely speak for themselves. Throughout their career, they were able to make 4,392 arrests, with 95 of these ending in convictions. They were able to confiscate more than 5 million bottles of liquor, a feat that would never be matched by anyone in the Bureau.

The end of an era
    Their career as prohibition agents were abruptly ended in 1925, when they were fired from the service along with 35 other agents. This was a result of the new Prohibition Directors reorganization plans for the bureau. The director, General Lincoln C. Andrews, clearly expressed that he does not like agents who get too much publicity, and threatened that if Moe and Izzy would even appear one in print, they would automatically lose their jobs. The duo toned down their exploits, hiding their activities from public eye. Still, they were fired because of reorganization purposes. There were a lot of speculations regarding this occurrence, but unfortunately, Moe Smith and Izzy Einstein decided to stay off the grid for good. Also, it was ratified by the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement that prohibition cannot be truly accomplished with the active support of the public, along with the cooperation of the States. Even though both men were frequently featured in the papers, the public didnt really give them full support, which could have ultimately led to their demise.

    Moe W. Smith is an important person in the history of law enforcement. Along with his partner, Izzy Einstein, they were able to bring down a record number of criminals who violated the prohibition law in just a span of five years. Their commitment to their task was characterized by their unique approach to law enforcement. They would go to great lengths such as donning disguises and doing acts in order to shut down and arrest speakeasy operators and bootleggers. They never turned a blind eye on crime by accepting deals and bribes from these wrongdoers. Moe Smith is famous because he is a man of integrity, an effective prohibition agent, and a true law enforcement officer.