I. Jinnah, The Father of Pakistan
1. Jinnah likened the conflicts between the Hindus and Muslims to the conflicts between the Roman Catholics and Protestants in England who persecuted each other. Jinnah hoped that just as Catholics and Protestants have come in peace and became equal citizens of Great Britain, so does Muslims and Hindus will become one as citizens of the State.
2. With Jinnahs speech, it appears that Pakistan is ready to respect religious differences. Jinnah urged that each subject regardless of religion is a citizen of the State with equal rights, privileges and obligations and are free to go to their own temples or mosques or to any other places of worship.
3. Just like in religion, Jinnah hoped that citizens will cooperate with matters of state regardless of to which caste they belong. Jinnah held that the division could not be avoided and urged that the Government should concentrate on the well-being of the people, especially of the masses and the poor.
4. The Constituent Assembly has two main responsibilities according to Jinnah. The first is that the framing of th Constitution of Pakistan and the second is functioning as a full and complete sovereign body of the Federal Legislature of Pakistan.
5. According to Jinnah, the primary duty of the Government is to maintain law and order, such that the life, property and religious beliefs of its people are fully protected.
II. The Tandon Family at Partition
1. Tandon was primarily talking about their uncle Dwarka Prashad who had stayed at Punjab in the hope that he will be protected by his Muslim friends. He was forced to leave and thought he would never be able to return to the same place ever again.
2. Tandon and his brother settled in Bombay where they built two small houses next to each other at the foot of the Pali Hill where it is largely populated by Christians.
3. His father considered not to leave Punjab at first because he thought he was relatively safe there with his many Muslim friends and neighbors, together with Hindus and Sikhs, who are in good terms with them.
4. The train full of Hindu refugees was attacked and looted upon by Muslims as it passed through a Muslim-dominated area. As the train moved on, it was filled with the bloody corpses of the refugees. Nobody was left alive.
5. The Punjabis reasoned that home is where they earned their living.
III. Gandhi Speaks against the Partition of India
1. Gandhi called the idea of a separate Pakistan as sinful since it was put forth by the Moslem League who was supposed to stand for unity and brotherhood.
2. Moslems and Hindus share as common language Hindi and Urdu in the North.
3. Moslems and Hindus share as common language Bengali in Bengal.
4. Gandhi held that it is impossible for India to be separated into two nations since every Muslim and Hindu has a common culture. He urged that every Hindu and Muslim live together in brotherly love.
IV. Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements
1. The Declaration was made in agreement that decades of conflict and confrontation should be ended and that mutual legitimate and political rights of the Palestinian people should be recognized, and to strive to live in peaceful coexistence. The Declaration aims at negotiations to establish a Palestinian Interim Self-Government Authority for a transitional period not exceeding five years leading to a permanent settlement.
2. The Declaration covered the territories of West Bank and Gaza Strip which were represented by the Palestinian Delegation. There will be a transfer of authority from the Israeli military government and its Civil Administration to authorised Palestinians. The Palestinian authority will then be responsible for the building of the Palestinian police force.
3. The Council is responsible for public order and internal security in the west Bank and the Gaza Strip while Israel will continue to be responsible for external relations as well as for the overall security and public order. Israeli military force is to withdraw from West Bank and Gaza Strip.
4. The main forms of economic cooperation called for in the Declaration includes cooperation in the fields of water, electricity, energy, finance, transport and communications, trade and studies, industry, labor relations and social welfare issues. The committee for Economic and Development Programs is responsible to overseeing in the achievement of the cooperation.
V. Islam and the State in the Middle-East Ayatollah Khomeini s Vision of Islamic Government
1. The importance of the executive branch of government, according to Khomeini, is to explain the laws and implement them to secure the people s happiness. Executive authority is more vital as it is not enough to merely create a collection of laws.
2. The prophet headed all executive agencies in running the Moslem society. He took care of explaining and implementing the laws and regulations until the State of Islam was brought into existence. He appointed caliphs to succeed him in explaining and implementing the laws to the people.
3. The colonialists due to their unjust economic goals are the cause of injustice. The people can fight the injustice by seeking to establish their Islamic government which aims to liberate the lands from the colonialists and agent governments of colonialism. The ulema are entrusted the responsibility to fight the greedy exploiters.
4. Khomeini held that the Islamic government is constitutional in the sense that those in charge of affairs observe a number of conditions and rules underlined in the Koran and in the Sunna and represented in the necessity of observing the system and of applying the dictates and laws of Islam. It is different from constitutional monarchies and republics since the power of legislation in the Islamic government is confined to God, whereas the legislation in monarchies and republics lies in the people s and the king s representatives.
5. Khomeini identified the enemies of the people as those who are greedy colonialists and those who are corrupt an unjust. These includes leaders who corrupt and dominate the society instead of reforming it. As such, the Shiite ulema must be bear knowledge of the law and justice, and must have the highest knowledge of creed, good, ethics, the sense of justice and freedom from sins.
2. With Jinnahs speech, it appears that Pakistan is ready to respect religious differences. Jinnah urged that each subject regardless of religion is a citizen of the State with equal rights, privileges and obligations and are free to go to their own temples or mosques or to any other places of worship.
3. Just like in religion, Jinnah hoped that citizens will cooperate with matters of state regardless of to which caste they belong. Jinnah held that the division could not be avoided and urged that the Government should concentrate on the well-being of the people, especially of the masses and the poor.
4. The Constituent Assembly has two main responsibilities according to Jinnah. The first is that the framing of th Constitution of Pakistan and the second is functioning as a full and complete sovereign body of the Federal Legislature of Pakistan.
5. According to Jinnah, the primary duty of the Government is to maintain law and order, such that the life, property and religious beliefs of its people are fully protected.
II. The Tandon Family at Partition
1. Tandon was primarily talking about their uncle Dwarka Prashad who had stayed at Punjab in the hope that he will be protected by his Muslim friends. He was forced to leave and thought he would never be able to return to the same place ever again.
2. Tandon and his brother settled in Bombay where they built two small houses next to each other at the foot of the Pali Hill where it is largely populated by Christians.
3. His father considered not to leave Punjab at first because he thought he was relatively safe there with his many Muslim friends and neighbors, together with Hindus and Sikhs, who are in good terms with them.
4. The train full of Hindu refugees was attacked and looted upon by Muslims as it passed through a Muslim-dominated area. As the train moved on, it was filled with the bloody corpses of the refugees. Nobody was left alive.
5. The Punjabis reasoned that home is where they earned their living.
III. Gandhi Speaks against the Partition of India
1. Gandhi called the idea of a separate Pakistan as sinful since it was put forth by the Moslem League who was supposed to stand for unity and brotherhood.
2. Moslems and Hindus share as common language Hindi and Urdu in the North.
3. Moslems and Hindus share as common language Bengali in Bengal.
4. Gandhi held that it is impossible for India to be separated into two nations since every Muslim and Hindu has a common culture. He urged that every Hindu and Muslim live together in brotherly love.
IV. Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements
1. The Declaration was made in agreement that decades of conflict and confrontation should be ended and that mutual legitimate and political rights of the Palestinian people should be recognized, and to strive to live in peaceful coexistence. The Declaration aims at negotiations to establish a Palestinian Interim Self-Government Authority for a transitional period not exceeding five years leading to a permanent settlement.
2. The Declaration covered the territories of West Bank and Gaza Strip which were represented by the Palestinian Delegation. There will be a transfer of authority from the Israeli military government and its Civil Administration to authorised Palestinians. The Palestinian authority will then be responsible for the building of the Palestinian police force.
3. The Council is responsible for public order and internal security in the west Bank and the Gaza Strip while Israel will continue to be responsible for external relations as well as for the overall security and public order. Israeli military force is to withdraw from West Bank and Gaza Strip.
4. The main forms of economic cooperation called for in the Declaration includes cooperation in the fields of water, electricity, energy, finance, transport and communications, trade and studies, industry, labor relations and social welfare issues. The committee for Economic and Development Programs is responsible to overseeing in the achievement of the cooperation.
V. Islam and the State in the Middle-East Ayatollah Khomeini s Vision of Islamic Government
1. The importance of the executive branch of government, according to Khomeini, is to explain the laws and implement them to secure the people s happiness. Executive authority is more vital as it is not enough to merely create a collection of laws.
2. The prophet headed all executive agencies in running the Moslem society. He took care of explaining and implementing the laws and regulations until the State of Islam was brought into existence. He appointed caliphs to succeed him in explaining and implementing the laws to the people.
3. The colonialists due to their unjust economic goals are the cause of injustice. The people can fight the injustice by seeking to establish their Islamic government which aims to liberate the lands from the colonialists and agent governments of colonialism. The ulema are entrusted the responsibility to fight the greedy exploiters.
4. Khomeini held that the Islamic government is constitutional in the sense that those in charge of affairs observe a number of conditions and rules underlined in the Koran and in the Sunna and represented in the necessity of observing the system and of applying the dictates and laws of Islam. It is different from constitutional monarchies and republics since the power of legislation in the Islamic government is confined to God, whereas the legislation in monarchies and republics lies in the people s and the king s representatives.
5. Khomeini identified the enemies of the people as those who are greedy colonialists and those who are corrupt an unjust. These includes leaders who corrupt and dominate the society instead of reforming it. As such, the Shiite ulema must be bear knowledge of the law and justice, and must have the highest knowledge of creed, good, ethics, the sense of justice and freedom from sins.
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