History

Many people have cited the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife on 28th June 1914 in Bosnian by a Serbian nationalist triggered the World War I (Heyman, 1997). This provoked a series of war declaration between countries leading to the ultimate entry into the World War I. however this can only be seen as the immediate reason behind the war. There are other deep rooted reasons such as imperialism, nationalism and militarism that where quite common during those days. In this essay, the author gives a critical discussion on the underlying reasons that led to the declaration of the First World War.

First, the First World War was caused by imperialism. This practice involves the expansion of power control and wealth by a nation through the acquisition of new territories. Imperialism is seen as the cause of the World War I due to the territorial control conflicts that existed among Germany, Britain and France to own African and some Asian nations (Henig, 2001).  With increased desire to acquire more raw materials for their industries while expanding their empires, European nation were increasingly engaged in confrontations, a factor which triggered the world to enter into the First World War

Another cited reason for the First World War was the many alliance agreements among nations for mutual defense partnerships (Heyman, 1997). Because of the biding nature of these agreements, allies were bound to engage in war to save their partners. Some of this agreement included Russia and Serbia, Japan and Britain, Germany and Austria-Hungary, and France and Russia among others. From the sequence of the way to the First World War, Austria-Hungary declared war to Serbia, leading to Russias involvement to defend Serbia (Heyman, 1997). Due to the agreement between Austria-Hungary and Germany, Germany decided to attack Russia. This serial increase in conflicts led to the declaration of the WWI.

Nationalism attitude by nations also factored in causing the First World War (Henig, 2001). War is mainly caused by the desire by nations to prove their dominance and power over others. WWI began as a conflict between Serbia and Austria-Hungary due to Serbias desire to take control of Bosnia and Herzegovina from Austria-Hungary (Henig, 2001). Still on nationalism, the divisions that were evident among Europe concerning the Serbia and Austria-Hungary war can only be attributed to the desire of nations to gain respect through power dominance thus contradicting the principles of dialogue in conflict resolution.

The start of the WWI was further triggered by militarism among nation (Henig, 2001). According to available historical information, the beginning of the 20th century was marked with army racing among nations. By mid 1910s both Germany and Britain had heavily invested in their navies in a struggle for military power supremacy. Still, Germany had engaged Russia on military establishment competition (Henig, 2001). Therefore, these military army races among powerful nations of the time forced the nations to enter into the war.

The last cause is the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife on 28th June 1914 and how it led into the World War I. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian in protect of Austria-Hungarys presence in Bosnia. Austria-Hungary nation responded to the assassination by declaring war over Serbia (Heyman, 1997). This was followed by the involvement of other nations based of mutual defense agreements. Such increasing involvements by nations allied to both Austria-Hungary and Serbia coupled with the other factor discussed above thus forced the world to enter into the World War I.

Of all the radical changes that swept across the European continent during the 18th and 19th century, the most influential of all could be said to be the epistemological transformation which was nurtured by emergence of the scientific revolution. This revolution was associated with the radical emergence of technological changes coupled with the scientific discoveries of the natural sciences (Morgan, 2000).

 In general, scientific revolution was in reality perceived as a series of changes which occurred and shaped the structure of the European thoughts by clearing mental doubts and dissonance about the world, through presenting sensory and empirical verifications about the world and the universe (Peter, 1998). Consequently, scientific revolution brought different divisions of phenomena by categorizing events into different separate sciences which further created an image in the minds of mankind that the world could be meant to function like a machine. These changes began to transform human experiences almost in all major spheres of life.

The emergence of scientific revolution in Europe had diverse and rather radical transformations which swayed across the European continent. The term itself  scientific revolution was  perceived as a very great and rather significant enlightenment to the European  world and it spearheaded  two very interrelated and sequential kind of intellectual movements and perception of the Europeans about the world around them.

These great intellectual movements were significantly witnessed between the years 1500s to 1800s (Baker, 2002). During this great period the European continent was in a state of distraught due to a variety of various factors such as economic crisis, social and religious challenges which gradually evolved chaos among the European citizens.

From an economic perspective, industrial revolution in Europe introduced a new age of economic prosperity as a result of increased and improved international trade. By and large, scientific revolution further opened the European minds and way of thinking such that they got a wider view of looking at the world in the search for truth and facts about the nature human existence and the world around them.

This benefited many such that they got an opportunity in which they could now question the religious teachings which were roaming across the European continent by giving more and more tangible and rather justifiable facts about the understanding of the universe and the forces which govern it (Morgan, 2000). Additionally, the period further transformed lives of people from individuals to groups by establishing social classes which totally shaped the life in general for all European citizens.
 By the 17th century,  the European continent was undergoing a period of economic turmoil and instability  due to hiked profits from the sale of the precious mental in the world market, which further caused inflation and pushed the monarchies to also increase  the general taxation (Baker, 2002). This inflation caused uproar among the lower social classes who earned very little pay and they could not stand the high tax rates. But, the ant vent of the scientific revolution was perceived as a revelation of hope which led to development and emergence of world trade.

Economic improvements were witnessed by a greater magnitude with increased involvement in world trade which later led to an even distribution of wealth and a greater understanding of other foreign cultures (Shapin, 1998). By extension, philosophical and scientific knowledge become more prominent among the many people including the third class population through the introduction of inexpensive printing which was done in lager scale.

Major scientific discoveries were witnessed on the onset of the 17th century.  For instance, the scientific invention which was advanced by Isaac Newton, Galileo Galiley and others who proved to the world that  the earth was not actually the center of the great universe, an invention which challenged the religious indoctrinations by then,  as the only major sources scientific knowledge.
 Galileo Galiley also made it clear that the universe was not governed by abstract supernatural forces as religion had implanted in their mind, but it was composed and governed by natural laws which could rationally and easily be understood and comprehended (Baker, 2002). Above all, another very radical shift of thought was observed in the year 1517, at the face of industrial revolution when Martin Luther, staged a very success protest against the domination of the Roman church in Europe.
This protest spearheaded by Luther against the church marked a very significant beginning on the decline of power vested upon the church which had dominated peoples minds on the inquiry about the natural world (Shapin, 1998). Thus, the church reformation worked towards abolishing and eliminating the control of the church over the European intellectuals and this formed a very significant milestone towards the secularization of the science in Europe.

Although it is believed that the process of scientific development was a comprehensive one, over a course of several centuries, Copernicus, is believed to be the very first person to present the first significant break of the medieval knowledge and science. In the year 1543, Copernicus published his very first volume on the revolution of heavenly spheres.

In this discourse, Copernicus explained and described his theory of heliocentrism, which disapproved the Ptolemaic notion which had being reinforced by the church that the earth was the center of the great  universe (Morgan, 2000). Copernicus again promoted and spearheaded the concept that the earth revolves round the sun through making very careful observations of natural occurrences and continued to challenge the Christian worldview about the truth of existence and nature.

 It is from the notion of the heliocentric theory that was advanced by Copernicus, which posed a greater challenge to the European, that science began to receive world wild acceptance through the wide distribution of information which was enhanced by the adoption of new, cheap and accurate printing press and duplicating technology.

 The age of enlightenment and the evolution of the scientific age was a marked period of radical economic, social and religious advancements which enhanced the well being of individuals in Europe. It further transformed the economic systems of the Europeans to capitalist nationalistic economic systems (Peter, 1998). The  new  scientific revelation which was being preached by the scientists become too common and it was received with open hand by the majority of the population who had failed to make sense out of the ideological messages preached by the church which seemed to have no substantial evidence.

As result there was a growing concern and interest for having more scientific experimentations and instruments among the popular classes.  Information about this kind of enlightenment grew faster and it was accelerated by the invention of large scale printing devices and machinery which was less expensive.

Thus, presence of dense print media which published articles, speeches and debates allowing the third class population to read and be educated about the new enlightenment made it easier to spread the message about scientific revolution and the facts about the nature of the earth and the universe (Hall, 1999). These teachings were further accompanied by relevant facts and proofs that had been made by several people such as Isaac Newton, Galileo, Copernicus and the like.

The speculations of the church slowly declined as the Europeans gained the believe that each and every person had a tremendous capability which could be achieved by  his own through taking critical analysis of the world and assessing the matter which it is made up of (Baker, 2002).  In order to override the religious biasness established by the church against all the other sources of knowledge, scientists of the day decided to publish their findings and discoveries. Some of these people included scholars like Galileo Galiley who was actually  forced pushed to renounce his discoveries.

In conclusion it became very apparent that the impact of scientific revolution on the third class population had made radical effects which could be observed creating a new kind of enlightenment by making them come even more skeptical of religion and its   ideologies. People all across Europe become very optimistic about possibilities of individual and personal achievements and advancements in the new scientific age. This enlightenment was amicably welcomed with open arms by the majority of the population who further felt that they were no longer restricted to church and they could express their views and beliefs in an open forum.

This assessment will ask you to do several things
1. Readview a set of primary sources, including art works, related to this historical period
2. Draft a thesis based on the full set of primary sources
3. Articulate a cause or consequence of the event represented by the sources
4. Describe one historical actor involved in this event and explain his or her significance in this event.

NOTE You should bring in any information that youve learned about the historical periodtopic from lecture, textbook, primary source documents, films and other sources.

1. Readview the attached set of primary sources, including the art works

2. Draft a thesis based on the full set of primary sources
A thesis is a statement that you would prove in a paper. It should have a point of view, stating a viewpoint that would be supported by the sources you have read and viewed. It should only be a sentence or two.

Draft your thesis here

The Salem Witch Trials in the Religious Context The witch hunt as a culmination of religious extremism and was used to undermine and persecute women in general as unfit and unclean in a patriarchal church ideology.

In total, more women were accused of witchcraft than men. The numbers would show, including the records of the investigations that women were more susceptible to be charged of witchcraft than men, and a s a religious rule, women were required more fervor, dedication, and even cleansing rituals as they are considered more impure than men. This is a reflection of the patriarchal nature of religion.

3. Articulate a cause or consequence of the event represented by the sources
Name and describe one cause or consequence of an event discussed in these sources

The religious context of the Salem Witch Trials must be viewed together with the historical and Socio-political context of the time. As a religious group, the Puritans during the 17th century were a group that sprang up in opposition to the English Church. They had many gripes, including the Book of Common prayers, ritualistic and ceremonial oppositions to the use of vestments, sacramental and other religious dissention. Massachusetts  was a colony heavily influenced and  populated by Puritans thus shaping the politico-theological environment at that period. This is in addition to the picture shown how a town or council could band together and gang up on a suspected or  charged witch, at that time, with perhaps, a staged or choreographed course of action, leading to the indictment and sending to the galleys or the stake of anyone who goes against popular belief. The picture shows a  trial, whereupon, on the floor, a writhing victim points at her tormentor, while the whole communityresponds in an uproar to declare the woman guilty of the charge of witchcraft and devil worship.

4. Describe one historical actor involved in this event and explain his or her significance in this event.
Name one person involved in this event.  Why was that person significant

Historical accounts point to Sarah Good as the first woman to face the inquisition and be declared as guilty of witchcraft. She was said to have vexed and caused the sufferings of the Parris children, niece and daughter of a influential church leader, the Rev. Samuel Parris. Interestingly, as co-accused, Sarah Osborne and Tituba were also accused. It could be said that the character sketches of the three women were enough to make them scapegoats or what would be called as the usual suspects. Sarah Goodman was a homeless woman, begging for food and shelter from her neighbors and the community, while Sarah Osborne had sexual relations with her servant, and was amiss in attending church services. As for Tituba, she was a slave of tribal ethnicity and was far from being Puritan. These, obviously, was enough to make them obvious targets for the religious hysteria and phobia. Sarah Goodman was significant since she was the first among many to follow who was accused and brought to the council. Her recorded responses also shed light to how a  simple jealousy or misunderstanding could have led to a mass murder of a lot of people later on.

Now, I having for some time before, attended the work of the ministry in that village, the report of those great afflictions came quickly to my notice....My concern was augmented when it was reported, at an examination of a person suspected for witchcraft, that my wife and daughter, who died three years before, were sent out of the world under the malicious operations of the eternal powers....
1. One or two of the first that were afflicted, complaining of unusual illness....2. They were oftentimes very stupid in their fits, and could neither hear nor understand....5. They affirmed that they saw the ghosts of several departed persons....6. Persecution by the dragons of Hell, the persons afflicted were harassed at such a dreadful rate, to write their names in a devil book....8. Sundry pins have been taken out of the wrists and arms of the afflicted and one in time of examination of a suspected person, had a pin run through both her upper and lower lip when she was called upon to speak....13. Sometimes in their fits, they have had their tongues drawn out of their mouths to a fearful length, their heads turned very much over their shoulders and had their arms and legs etc. wrested, as if they were quite dislocated, the blood hath gushed plentifully out of their mouths, for a considerable time together....

(H) Sarah Good what evil spirit have you familiarity with(G) None.(H) Have you made no contract with the devilGood answered no.(H) Why do you hurt these children(G) I do not hurt them. I scorn it.(H) Who do you employ then to do it(G) I employ no body(H) What creature do you employ then(G) no creature but I am falsely accused....(H) desired the afflicted children all of them to look upon her and see if this were the person that had hurt them and so they all did look upon her, and said this was one of the persons that did torment them--presently they were all tormented.(H) Sarah Good do you not see now what you have done, why do you not tell us the truth, why do you thus torment these poor children(G) I do not torment them....(H) how came they thus tormented(G) what do I know you bring others here and now you charge me with it....(H) who was it then that tormented the children(G) it was Sarah Osborne.(H) What is it you say when you go muttering away from persons houses(G) if I must tell I will tell.(H) do tell us then(G) if I must tell, I will tell it, it is the commandments. I may say my commandments I hope....

Her answers were in a very wicked spiteful manner. Reflecting and retorting against the authority with base and abusive words and many lies she was taken in it was here said that her husband had said that he was afraid that she either was a witch or could be one very quickly.

In the early eighteenth century, Europe was under the communistic type of government. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the communism system was slowly outdone and replaced with capitalism, a process that incurred great industrial revolution all over Europe. However, this involved a series of transformations. Industrial revolution was characterized by the use of machines driven by the use of power in development. This however started in England and turned Europe as a whole from an agricultural based society into an industry dependent society.

 Large group of people left the farming practice and migrated to the towns and cities as wage earners and this was the driving force of industrial revolution.

 The social life greatly changed with capitalism where cities were expanding and social economic classes developing leading to the growth in the population and urbanization. The European population by 1850 had doubled in reference to 1750. This population growth resulted due to many factors including the reduction in the death rate all over the continent the vulnerability to disease as well as the occurrence had reduced and also reduction of war, which reduced the number of death the amount of food supply increased reducing malnutrition and increasing disease resistance. (William 518)

There was a rapid growth in the number of cities and towns. This increased industrialization as more industries were situated in these towns. The towns were major supplies of the steam engine and the where manufacturing plants were situated, and there was plenty of labor through rural urban migration to the towns in search of work. For example the cities and towns in Britain grew expeditiously and by 1850 about half of the population were residing in cities and towns.  The living conditions of the people in most of the industrious town were miserable. There was presence of open sewers and lack of good drainage channels that led to the stagnation of sewer water both from animal and human waste. The living rooms for the workers were very small and the workers used to experience fever due to the congestion. (William 519)

The social economic class of the workers working in the different levels of employment developed. There was a class for the middle class workers in the industrial sector. This was a class for the workers in the construction department, those that were involved in the purchasing of machines and equipment and those that were doing the marketing. This group of people was working hard to join the elite class or reduce the division between them. Then there was the industrial working class that worked under total pressure including working six days a week for like twelve hours every day. The lunch break was worth half an hour and their job was unsecured. This was more so in the mining industry and the cotton mills. There were also poor working conditions and this at times led to death of the workers. (William 519)

Then came the rapid growth of industries and new products emerged in the industry. Iron took over steel and this allowed the construction of smaller, lighter and even faster machines. The source of energy was transformed and electricity took over coal. This source of energy could be transformed into many other energy forms easily. There was a major revolution in the communication industry through the inventing of the radio waves and the telephone means of communication. This later led to the development of the auto mobiles. (William 543)

The demand for manufactured goods was high during this era and this led to rapid industrial growth. The wages for the workers was increased and the prices of finished products reduced too. This was due to reduced transport cost.

The working class later started their parties.  These socialist parties were fighting to improve the working conditions for the workers. Through strong defense by the government, the parties later merged and formed a trade union that empowered them to vote and helped achieve democracy. As the economy accelerated forward, this led to the formation of the mass society. This helped the lower social class people to attain education, the right to vote and the improvement of their living standards. (William 547).

In the farming industry, agricultural revolution took place which led to the increase in production, conversion to large scale farming as opposed to small scale farming and efficiency in the farming practices. This led to increased food production and more profits to the land owners.

The systematic interaction of the political and economic reforms was a complication occurrence. The progress in both areas is not mutually inclusive of the other but they are mutually reinforcing.  Capitalism led to the growth of the private markets and the flow of money which in turn resulted to the growth of the middle class group. The middle class were then in a position to generate and acquire money from the central government authority.  As a result, this resulted into democracy generation that increased gradually. There was also the political transformation including the French Revolution that totally changed the nature of the government and increased democracy. (Laura 24)
One of the consequences of industrialization was urbanization. Urbanization led to more demand for labor to work in the industrial towns.  This led to the intense emigration to the cities and the rapid growth of the cities in size. There is the resultant capital flow and labor even to distant countries. This resulted to growth of communities that are similar very rapidly, across the seas and characterized the economic system. There was growth in population as well as wealth, but the wealth was not distributed proportionally as per the effort in the population applies in production where the two turned exclusive of each other and led to the emerging of the social classes.  (Paul 27)
 The rise in efficiency impacted negatively to human labor. This is by reducing the number of jobs available and also the technical skills as the companies adopted the technology changes. The industrial revolution led to the division of labor. The changes in civilization and the exchanges resulting from revolution led to opening of more channels of production and this in turn leads to the elaboration and the division of labor. As a result there is narrowing o production areas in the areas of trading.

Industrial revolution led to the administrative management. This is the decision making body in an organization that implements the information infrastructure between the organization and the contact of the market. This consequence has led to the development of the information structure and information economy and the formal and programmed decision making and the control of organizations and all the working in the society. (Paul 147)

Industrialization speeded up the rate of processing materials to a level where human control is not possible. This led to increased dependency on the managerial techniques and information and communication technologies through the use of programmed decisions for the control of the large scale operations. Industrialization called for the abundance of source of energy to be used in the running of the machine where wood fuel that was commonly used could not sufficiently supply. This led to the mining of coal at first and later the development and generation of electricity.

In conclusion, industrialization and capitalism In Europe had both positive and negative impacts to the social and economy life to the society. Some of the sectors including agriculture incurred deficiency in labor and food crisis occurred as more people migrated to the cities. Industrialization led to the growth of nationalism and increase in wages thus availability of money to spend on food and other family expenses. The industrial revolution is a change that is far from clarity since it is replicated in the todays society.

We began by studying the world in the 1780s we conclude by glancing at it 50 years later.  
Great strides had been achieved in science, industry and commerce, and consequently man faced a period of material improvement.

World population, industrial production and commerce multiplied.
Knowledge had become widespread, and science had vastly improved Mans way of life.
In contrast, the world had achieved only moderate strides politically and socially.  
Slavery and serfdom, though diminished worldwide, actually increased in their bulwarks.
The middle and working classes have increased steadily but slowly in number,
Landed aristocrats, though more dependent on the middle class, retain their social status.
Monarchy continues to be accepted as the common mode of government.
 Still, significant changes had been made, and after 1830 generally increased in momentum.
The 1830 revolutions, while compromising with the old system, introduced enough changes as to decisively favor the rise of the middle classes.

Radical democracy was gaining ground.
Europe, especially Britain, gained global supremacy, but observers can already see the decline, and that the future would soon be contested by powers such as USA and Russia.
The world of the 1840s was out of balance, and though everyone was sure that change was impending, no one could predict that it would explode to social revolution.
The laboring class had gained purpose, and power in their collective organization
The inflexibility of the old regimes turned even minor frictions into great cracks.
The weakening of the old system also coincided with a great depression, which stoked the ire of the already discontented masses.

The article centres around the climate of British public opinion during the American Civil War, specifically how it came about that the British ended up supporting the North and how the Emancipation Proclamation factored into this choice. The British public opinion was neither steady nor unanimous during the Civil War, as the article enumerates the different events and personas that swayed and divided British support. The Emancipation Proclamation, though not immediately accepted, once proved sincere made the Civil War into an unquestionable issue of slavery thus solidifying the choice to support the Union over the Confederacy.

The article first lays out the initial division of public opinion, between the British Liberals and Conservatives. Support lay mostly with the North, as the Southerners were considered barbarous due to their maintenance of slavery, and even before the war this issue led many Britons to believe that slavery would inevitably separate the North and South. The article then describes how the support changed in favour of the Confederacy after the initial aggressive campaign and the failure of such a move as the Confederates won the first battles. This direction of opinion was heightened during the event of the Trent Affair, which was deemed an insult to the British since the Trent was a British vessel. Further aggravating the cause of British Union supporters was the emergence of the Morill Tariff, reminding Britons of what had been an economically advantageous relationship with the South and painting the Union as arrogant and tyrannical. The most convincing argument against the Union though, were not only the independency propaganda the Confederates generated around this time, but Lincolns downright denial that emancipation was an aim in the war during his March 1861 inaugural address. The article explains the domestic reasons for this disavowal though, but these reasons seemed to have been overcome as the Emancipation Proclamation was issued in September 1962. The Proclamation was initially regarded with suspicion though, and seen as a last-ditch effort to garner foreign support in a losing war, but many attested to its sincerity. Choosing a side to support in the Civil War then became a question of pro or anti-slavery, thus effectively throwing out the Confederacys initially claimed cause of wanting independence.

Contrary to the trend of most historical discussions on the Civil War, the author takes on a novel approach by dissecting the effect of the events on an outside perspective. Britain then was still considered an influential power over the States and its choice of who to support in a civil war could tip the balance, this is usually all but forgotten in Civil War recollections. The Confederacy actively vying for British public opinion to recognize its independence also attests to the influence of Britain at the time. The story-telling tone of the article as it chronicled the back and forth changes in favour, makes the article an interesting read. The events are very detailed, and the quotations provided give clear insight into the mindsets of people of the time from the skilfully-weaved pro-Confederate arguments of Spence, to the racist quotations from Union soldiers, to the short snarky poems of the magazine Punch. A few quotations only account for the medias opinion though, and not the majority of the British publics. A few questions also linger, such as how the racism of the Union soldiers was overcome for them to continue fighting after the Proclamation. Overall though, the writer builds a thoroughly convincing, interesting, and well-referenced history. And the abrupt assertion of the last sentence, though a stark contrast to the easy flow of the rest of the article, effectively leaves the reader nodding in agreement.

The First World War A View of the Trenches
A gentleman of pure heart witnessed the great tragedy of 1914. I was having a fantastic dinner with a friend at a local but decent restaurant. Then the imperial carriage paraded in the street. There, I saw Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne, with his consort waving to the crowd. Suddenly, a man fired a couple of shots, instantly killing the archduke and his consort. The man was a Serbian nationalist, who apparently, was hired by the Serbian premier. Late at night, the Austrian-Hungarian Empire demanded territorial and financial concessions from Serbia.

After three days, the Russians mobilized. Germany also mobilized in support of Austria-Hungary. I, myself, was aware that war with Russia would bring Britain and France in support of Serbia. My fears came true when Germany invaded Belgium, a neutral country. Britain and France declared war on Germany. The world was at war. Being a member of Red Cross International, I volunteered to work in the Western Front.

After arriving at Sedan, France, I began to evaluate the conditions of soldiers (both German and French alike) in the trenches. Soldiers had a maximum sleep of 3 hours a day. Food was scarce as well as medicine and ammunition. On the 16th of June 1916, French artillery pounded the German lines. A massive allied offensive was launched against German defensive positions. The Germans repulsed the attack with massive artillery bombardments. At Ypres, the Germans launched a powerful strike of chemical bombs. The sight was terrifying. I saw soldiers blinded by the toxic gases soldiers cutting their arms out of pain and soldiers brushing in mud to breath. It was indeed a terrible sight. The trenches were a symbol of bloodbath, of shameless butchery, and disregard for international law. On November 1918, I was shocked when Germany surrendered to the Allies. The world then was at peace.

The Great Migration The Diaspora of a Race
It was 1900. America was exuberant. The country was experiencing economic prosperity the cities were booming and the government was recklessly spending funds for public works. I was having a wonderful lunch with a friend at a local but decent restaurant. Then, I saw a couple of Negroes buying rail tickets from a station. I stopped bade farewell to my friend to examine the incident. I asked one of the Negroes why he is buying a couple of rail tickets. He replied, we are going to Chicago to find our fortunes. Yes, fortune. In these cities, manufacturing centers were being built to satisfy the needs of a growing population.

I wondered whether or not the incident is exclusive only to that family. Evidently, it was not. Other Negroes were purchasing tickets at another station. I asked myself, is this a movement of a people How ridiculous It turned out that Detroit, Cincinnati, and Baltimore were the main destinations. Well, I said to myself, those are growing cities, why not work there Indeed, the Negro race was leaving the premises of the east to work in industrial centers of the west.

Then the Irish came to the station. I said to myself, of all the people. I was just informed that a ship carrying Irish immigrants came to New York. The ships name was Prince of Wales, a name which seemed strange because the Irish were known opponents of the British. Anyway, a majority of them did not prefer to stay in New York. They wanted to work in the west, where it seemed future was more bright and attractive. I said to myself, what could possibly work working in New York City I really did not know the answer but one thing is clear. Both the immigrants and the Negro race were buying their way out of the city to work in the west.